DAY 5 - THE NOUNS

As in English language the Arabic language has two forms of nouns:
1. Indefinite or sometime also known as Common Noun (نَكرة إسم)
2. Definite or sometime also known as Proper Noun (إسم مَعْرِفه)

1. Indefinite Noun (نَكرة إسم) 

Indefinite Noun (نَكرة إسم) is that noun which is spoken for a common thing. As for the word رَجُلٌ (a man) no special person or man is understood but any one and every man can be called as رَجُلٌ.

Similarly, the word طَيّبٌ (good) cannot be understood as some good thing but any one or every good thing is meant not a special one.

Main identifier:

• Double vowels (Tanween) on the last letter of the word. 
• Either two Dammas or two fat’has or two kasras.

2. Definite or Proper Noun (إسم مَعْرِفه)

Definite Noun (مَعْرِفه إسم) is that noun which is spoken for a specific thing. As for the word  ألْرَجُلُ (the man) is one special person or it is understood to whom the speaker is pointing.

Examples:

• زَيْدٌ  (Zaid, name of a specific person)
• مَكّةُ (Makkah, a specific city)
• ألْرَجُلُ (a specific man)

Main identifier:

• Only one vowel (Damma, Fatha or Kasra) on the last letter of the word.
• Exceptions: some male names such as  زَيْدٌ………..
• Addition of “أل” before the noun 

How to make definite noun from indefinite noun:

• Add “أل” before the noun 
• Remove double Tanween (Damma, Fatha or Kasra)
• Add only one vowel (Damma, Fat’ha or Kasra) on the last letter

Examples

Indefinite Noun (نَكرة إسم)	Meaning	Definite Noun (إسم مَعْرِفه)	Meaning
إنْسَانٌ	A man	ألْإنْسَانُ	The man
بَيْتٌ	A house	ألْبَيْتُ	The house
دَرْسٌ	A lesson	ألْدَرْسُ	The Lesson
رَسُوْلٌ	A prophet Or a messenger	ألْرَسُوْلُ	The Prophet
نَهَارٌ	A day	ألْنَهَارُ	The Day
وَلَدٌ	A boy	ألْوَلَدُ	The Boy
يَوْمٌ	A day	ألْيَوْمُ	The Day
ثَمَرٌ	A fruit	ٱلْثَمَرْ	The fruit

Important Notes

On the modern computers and typewriters, the printing of the following vowels is as:
Double Damma (or Pesh): ٌ also known as Tanween with Damma
Sukoon or Jazam: ْ
Alif with Fatha (or Zabar): أ
Alif with Kasra (or Zeir): إ
Alif with Damma (or Pesh): ٱ

In Pakistan, it is written in a slightly different style. However, most of the Arab countries and dictionaries follow the above principles.

Also we use different words for vowels also namely:

Zabar for Fatha (َ)
Zeir for Kasra (ِ)
Pesh for Damma (ُ)
Note: Circle depict any letter (consonant)

DAY 4 PARTS OF SPEECH AND ITS FORMS

A word with a proper meaning or sense is known as “Part of Speech” or Kalema (كلمة)” in Arabic. It is of three types:

1.  Noun (Known as Ism  “سم ٳ” )
2. Verb (Known as “فعل” )
3. Preposition (known as “حرف”)

1.        Noun (Ism  “سم ٳ” )

Noun (Ism “سم ٳ”) is that meaningful word which is not dependent on any other word for its explanation and it should not contain any of three “time reference (tense)”.

Examples:

رجلٌ  - A man

ضربٌ – Beating or strike (noun)

طيبٌ  - Good or nice

هُوَ    - He

ٲنَا    - I

2.        Verb (“فعل” )

A  Verb (“فعل”) is that meaningful word in which some work is understood to be carried out and it should contain one of three tense (Zamana) namely past present and future.
Examples:

ضَرَبَ – He beat or he hit (past tense)

ذَهَبَ   - He went (past tense)

يَذْهَبُ – He goes or He will go (present tense)

3.        Preposition (known as “حرف”)

Preposition (known as “حرف”) is that word which cannot be understood without addition of noun (Ism “سم ٳ”) or Verb (“فعل”).

Examples:

مِنْ   - from

عَلٰى  - On or over

في  - in or inside

إلىٰ  - to or towards

DAY 3 – HUROOF SHAMSIYA AND QAMARYAH

INTRODUCTION

In Pakistan, we usually pronounce:

Þ   Abdul Raheem

Þ   Abdul Razzaq

Þ   Abdul Sattar

Þ   Abdul Salam

Þ   Abdul Shakoor

Þ   Abdul Samad

According to Arabic language and its grammar it is not correct to say like that.

HUROOF SHAMSIYA

In Arabic the alphabets have been divided into two types according to their sound.

The alphabets which produce sound like “Ash-Shams” and the source of these sound is the lower part of the  front side of mouth.

For the words starting from these alphabets the sound of “El (ل)” is not pronounced as in the word “Ash-Shams”. These alphabets are called “Huroof-e-Shamsiya (Sun Letters).”

They are:

Arabic alphabet (Shamsiya)

ت ث  د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ  ل  ن

 The names presented in the introduction section should be pronounced as:

Þ   Abdur Raheem

Þ   Abdur Razzaq

Þ   Abdus Sattar

Þ   Abdus Salam

Þ   Abdush Shakoor

Þ   Abdus amad

While writing these names from Arabic to English we neglect the above rule which is not correct.

HUROOF AL-QMARIYA

The alphabets which produce sound like “Al-Qamar” and the source of these sound is the upper part of front side of mouth.

For the words starting from these alphabets the sound of “El (ل)” is always pronounced as in the word “Al-Qamar”. These alphabets are called “Huroof-e-Qamariya (Moon Letters).”

They are:

Arabic alphabet (Qamariya)

ا ب   ج ح خ    ع غ ف ق ك  م  ه و ي

Examples of Huroof-e-Qamariya are:

Al-Jamal (The camel) ٲلجمل

DAY 2 – ARABIC CONSONANTS AND VOWELS

ARABIC CONSONATS AND VOWELS

In English, there are five vowels (a, e, i, o and u) and the remaining are consonants.  However, in Arabic there are two types of vowels namely: Short Vowels and Long Vowels.

Arabic Vowels

Users of Arabic usually write Long Vowels but omit short ones, so readers must utilize their knowledge of the language in order to supply the missing vowels. However, in the education system and particularly in classes on Arabic grammar these vowels are used since they are crucial to the grammar. An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in Qur’ān the three basic vowel signs (see below) are mandated, like the ḥarakāt:

Short Vowels

Short vowels may be written with “sign” placed above or below the consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called ḥarakāt. All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic.

Arabic Name	Urdu Name	Sound	Notation
fatḥah	Zabar	a or aa	َ
ḍammah	Pesh	u or oo	ِ
kasrah	Zeir	I or ee	ِ

ِ ُ َ = circle means any Arabic consonant.

Long vowels

In Arabic there are three long vowels also known as “Hroof-e-Eillat. They are:

 

1.      Alif (ا)

2.      Wow (و)

3.      Yey ( ي )

Repetition of a Consonant (Also known as Shadda)

 Shaddah or Repetition  is the doubling of a consonant. Instead of writing the letter twice, Arabic places a W-shaped sign called shaddah, above it.  In Urdu grammar it is known as “Tashdeed.”

General indication	Name	Transliteration	Examples
ّ ‎	shaddah	(consonant doubled)	The word Allah where the letter “Lam” has shaddah. In Urdu it is also known as Tashdeed

Tanwin (Nunation) or Double Vowel

Nunation (تنوين‎ tanwīn) is the addition of a final -n to a noun or adjective. The vowel before it indicates grammatical case. In written Arabic nunation is indicated by doubling the vowel at the end of the word.

ٍ = Two Kasra (or zeir – sound “in”)   كسرة

ٌ = Two Damma or Pesh – sound “un”  ضمّة

ً = Two Fatha or zabar – sound “an”   فتحة